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CPA
Foundation Leval
Financial Accounting November 2019
Suggested solutions

Financial Accounting
Revision Kit

QUESTION 1a

Q Outline four limitations of ratio analysis.(4 marks)
A

Solution


Limitations of ratio analysis

  1. Ratios are only captured at one point in time however conditions in the company are diverse and keep on changing from one period to another.
  2. Ratios rarely capture the qualitative aspects of entities, they mostly capture the quantitative aspects of entities.
  3. Accounting policies differ across companies in the same industry making comparison difficult.
  4. Ratio analysis uses historical data
  5. Ratios ignores external factors such as inflation
  6. Ratio analysis ignores the human element and artifacts in entities
  7. Companies in the same industry are of different sizes and may have different levels of technology and degrees of diversification, hence difficult to rationalise the variances




QUESTION 1b

Q Explain four principles that may be used to guide a manufacturing entity in apportioning overhead costs. (4 marks)
A

Solution


Principles that may be used to guide a entity in supporting overheads costs

  1. Ability to pay: According to this principle, administrative costs should be allocated according to the sales or revenue-generating capacity of each department. In other words, departments that generate more profit should receive a larger share of overhead.
  2. Potential Benefits: According to this principle, general overhead costs should be allocated according to the potential benefits (i.e. the benefits that can be received). Used when measuring actual benefits is difficult, impossible, or uneconomical. For example, canteen costs could be distributed according to the number of employees in each department, which is a potential advantage.
  3. Derived Benefit: This principle states that the allocation of general overhead costs should correspond to the actual benefits received by individual cost centers. This method is suitable for situations where real profits can be measured. For example, the rent can be divided according to the surface occupied by each department
  4. Specific standard method: According to this principle, the distribution of administrative costs is carried out according to the standard determined by the investigation. Therefore, the specific standard method is also called the survey method. The survey method is worth using when other methods have difficulty in choosing an appropriate base. For example, use this method to divide the foreman's salary and carefully study the time the foreman invests and the attention he gives to the different departments. The division is made on the basis of the survey
  5. Law of efficiency: This principle stipulates that the distribution of overheads must be made according to production objectives. If the target is higher, the unit cost decreases, indicating greater efficiency. Conversely, if the target is not met, unit costs increase, indicating departmental inefficiency.




QUESTION 1c

Q Discuss three guiding ethics for professional accountants.(6 marks)
A

Solution


The guiding ethics for professioned accountant

  1. Professional Competence and Due Care: Professional accountants maintain the necessary level of professional knowledge and skills to enable their clients or employers to receive competent professional services in accordance with current practical, legal and technological developments. There is an ongoing obligation to do so. Professional accountants should act conscientiously and in accordance with applicable technical and professional standards when providing professional services.
  2. Professional Behavior: Professional accountants must comply with relevant laws and regulations and avoid any conduct that discredits the profession.
  3. Integrity: A professional accountant must be honest and truthful in all professional and business dealings
  4. Objectivity: Professional accountants must not be bias, conflict of interest, or undue influence from others
  5. Confidentiality: Professional accountant must must adhere to the principle and practice of keeping sensitive information private unless the owner or custodian of the data expressly authorizes its sharing with another party.Neither shall the information be used for personal gains




QUESTION 1d

Q Explain three types of errors that may cause the trial balance not to balance. (6 marks)
A

Solution


  1. Error of posting: Error can occur when posting figure from ledger balances to the trial balance. If this occur then there will be differences in the trial balance. For example, when transferring Account Payables balances of Sh. 150,000, it was posted as Sh 180,000 on the trial balance.
  2. Error of omission: This happens when an item is debited but failes a corresponding credit entry on another account and vice versa. For example, payment of electricity for Sh. 27,000 was entered in electricity account (debit) but was not credited to bank account. This will cause the debit side to be higher than the credit side of the trial balance by Sh. 27,000
  3. Error of transposition: This type of error will affect trial balance. Here the book keeper or accountant, record the figure for an account by transposing the figure, say Sh.31,000 as Sh. 13,000. This will only affect a trial balance if it is done only in one-entry. To illustrate, a debit entry of sh. 13,000 for rent account and a credit entry of sh. 31,000 on a cash account for the same transaction. If the original figure was sh. 31,000, it means that there is an undercast of sh.18,000 on the rent account.
  4. Error of Original Entry: This is similar to transposition error. But, in this situation, the original amount was entered in one account and a wrong amount was entered in another account. For example, sh.12,000 is entered in Interest received account while sh. 29,000 was entered in bank account.




QUESTION 2a

Q (a) Income statement for the year ended 30 September 2019.(12 marks)
A

Solution


Workings

W1

Statement of affairs
Assets
Land and buildings
Equipment's
Furniture and fittings
Motor vehicle
Accounts receivable
Prepaid rates
Inventory
Bank

Liabilities
15% Bank Loan
Accounts payable
Accrued electricity
Capital

Sh 000










12,000
2,700
300

Sh 000
18,000
4,800
2,400
6,000
3,600
5,400
180
1,620
42,000



15,000
27,000
42,000


W2

Bank a/c

Balance b/d
Accounts receivable







Sh 000
1,620
357,000






358,620

Loan
Office equipment
Salaries
Rates insurance and electricity
Interest on loan
Accounts payable
Drawings (Balancing figure)
Balance c/d

Sh 000
6,000
600
36,210
23,280
900
252,000
24,000
15,630
358,620


W3

Accounts receivable a/c

Balance b/d
sales



Sh 000
5,400
360,000


365,400

Discount allowed
Bad debt
Bank
Balance c/d

Sh 000
960
240
357,000
7,200
365,400


W4

Accounts payable a/c

Discount received
Bank
Balance c/d

Sh 000
900
252,000
3,000
255,900

Balance b/d
Purchase (Balance figure)


Sh 000
2,700
253,200

255,900


W5

Office equipment

Balance b/d
Bank

Sh 000
4,800
600
5,400

Depreciation
Balanced c/d

Sh 000
1,560
3,840
5,400


Regina Rai Income Statement For The Year Ended 30 September 2019

Sales
Less: Cost of sales
Opening stock
Add purchases
Less: closing stock
Gross profit
Add: other incomes
Discount received

Less: Expenses
Discount allowed
Bad debts
Depreciation equipments
Depreciation furniture (2,400 - 1,920)
Depreciation "Motor vehicle 6,000-4,500
Salaries
Rates, Insurance and electricity 23,280 + 180-240+ 480-300
Interest on loan(15% x 12,000 x 6/12)+(15% x 6,000 x 6/12)
Net profit
Sh 000


3,600
253,200
(4,800)





960
240
1,560
480
1,500
36,210
23,400
1,350

Sh 000
360,000



(252,000)
108,000
900
108,900









(65,700)
43,200




QUESTION 2b

Q Statement of financial position as at 30 September 2019. (8 marks)
A

Solution


W1

Determination of closing stock inventory

Mark up = 3/7

Margin = 3/(7+3) = 3/10

GP = 3/10 x 360,000 = 108,000

GP = Sales - cost of sales

108,000 = 360,000 - C.O.S

C.O.S = 360,000 - 108,000 = 252,000

C.O.S = opening + purchases - closing inventory

252,000 = 3,600 + 253,200 - Closing Inventory

Closing Inventory = 3,600 + 253,200 - 252,000 = 4,800

Regina Rai
Statement Of Financial Position At At 30th September
Non Current Assets
Land and buildings
Equipments
Fixtures and fittings
Motor vehicles
Current assets
Inventory
Accounts receivable
Bank balance
Prepaid rates
Total assets
Capital and liabilities
Capital
Add: net profit
Less: Drawings
Non current liabilities
15% Bank Loan
Current liabilities
Account payables
Accruals - Electricity
- Loan interest

Sh 000
18,000
3,840
1,920
4,500

4,800
7,200
15,630
240
56,130

27,000
43,200
(24,000)

6,000

3,000
480
450
56,130




QUESTION 3a

Q Partners salaries is appropriated while directors fees is expensed
Explain the difference for this treatment. (4 marks)
A

Solution


Partners are the owners of the firm therefore their earnings should be treated as an appropriation while directors are employees of the company their fees is an expense to the entity.



QUESTION 3b

Q (i) Income statement and app: opriation account for the year ended 30 June 20 19. (10 marks)
(ii) Statement of financial position as at 30 June 2019 (6 marks)
A

Solution


(i) Income statement and app: opriation account for the year ended 30 June 2019.

Income statement and appropriation account for the year ended 30 June 2019

Gross profit
Expenses
Depreciation - Motor vehicles 20% x 59,100
Depreciation" office furniture 15%×36,960
Electricity 1,824+822
Insurance and rates 211 + 822
Directors fees 7,580 + 3,750
Audit fees
Bad debts
Wages and salaries
Telephone expenses
Debenture interest 1,440 + 1,460
General expenses
Profit before tax
Income tax expense 30% x 30,855
profit after tax
Add: Retained profit balance bld
Less: Transfer to general reserves
Less: Proposed preference dividend 10% x 60,000
Less: Proposed ordinary dividend 10% × 150,000
Retailed profit balance c/d
Sh 000


11,820
5,544
2,646
1,665
11,250
7,200
510
42,300
930
2,880
4,662








Sh 000
122,262











(91,407)
30,855
(9,256.5)
21,598.6
36,378
(18,000)
(6,000)
(15,000)
18,976.5


(ii) Statement of financial position as at 30 June 2019

Statement of financial position as at 30 June 2019
Non Current Assets
Land and buildings
Motor vehicles 40,200 - 11,800
Furniture and equipment 11,160 - 5,544
Current assets
Inventory
Accounts receivables and prepayments
Bank
Prepaid insurance

Equity and liabilities
Equity
Ordinary share capital
Preference share capital
Retained earnings
General reserves 42,000+ 18,000
Non current liabilities
Debenture
Current liabilities
Accounts payables and accruals
Directors fees
Audit fees
Tax
Debenture interest accrued
Proposed dividend 6,000 + 15,000
Accrued electricity

Sh 000
198,060
28,380
5,616

95,778
40,800
11,694
450
380,778


150,000
60,000
18,976.5
60,000

24,000

20,583
7,500
7,200
9,256.5
1,440
21,000
822
380,778




QUESTION 4

Q (a) Canteen income statement for the vear ended 30 June 2019. (4 marks)
(b) Income and expenditure statement for the year ended 30 June 2019. (8 marks)
(c) Statement of financial position as at 30 June 2019 (8 marks)
A

Solution


Workings

W1

Statement affairs
Assets
Bank
Cash
Club House
Sports equipments
Furniture and fittings
Canteen inventory
Subscription in arrears
Investment
Total assets
Liabilities
Subscriptions
Outstanding electricity and water
Canteen payables
Accumulated depreciation 12,600 + 8,100
Accumulated fund
Total liabilities
Sh 000










8,100
1,350
4,050
20,700


Sh 000
50,000
6,000
153,000
36,000
27,000
9.000
10,800
36,000
327,800




34,200
293,600
327,800


W2

Subscription a/c

Accrued balance b/d
income and expenditure
Pre paid Balance c/d


Sh.000
10,800
142,200
20,700

173,700

Balance b/d
Bank
I&E (written off)
Accrued Balance c/d

Sh.000
8,100
144,000
9,000
12,600
173,700


W3

Sports Equipment

Balance b/d
Bank

Sh 000
36,000
30,000
66,000

Disposal
Balance c/d

Sh 000
18,000
48,000
66,000


Total depreciation charge on disposed equipment's
20/100 x 180,000 x 2 = 7,200

Depreciation charge for the year
20/100 x 48,000 = 9,600

W4

Accumulated depreciation Account

Disposal
Balance b/d

Sh 000
7,200
15,000
22,200

Balance/b/d
income expenditure

Sh 000
12,600
9,600
22,200


W5

WA Canteen payables a/c

Bank
Balance c/d

Sh 000
30,150
5,400
35,550

Balance b/d
Credit purchases

Sh 000
4,050
31,500
35,550


W6

Dance ticket
Dance expenses

27,000
(13,500)
13,500


W7

Disposal a/c

Cost



Sh 000
18,000


18,000

Accumulated depreciation
Bank
I&E

Sh 000
7,200
9,000
1,800
18,000


(a) Canteen income statement for the vear ended 30 June 2019.

Canteen income statement for the year ended 30th June 2019

Sales 40,500 + 4,500
Cost of sales
Opening inventory
Add purchases
Less: Closing stock
Gross profit
Canteen Wages
Canteen expenses
Net profit
Sh 000


9,000
31,500
(11,250)




Sh 000
45,000



(29,250)
15,750
(4,500)
(2,250)
9,000


(b) Income and expenditure statement for the year ended 30 June 2019.

Furahi Sana Social club
Income and Expenditure Statement for the year ended 30 June 2019
Incomes
Subscription
Canteen profits
Dance profit 27,000 - 13,000
Donations
Investment income
Interest income

Expenditure
Electricity and water 4,050 - 1,350+ 3,300
Secretary allowances
Training fees
Groundsmen wages
Travel expenses
Sports pavilion expenses
Depreciation- Sports equipement
- Furniture & fittings 10/100×27,000
Subscription written off
Loss on disposal
Surplus
Sh 000
142,200
9,000
13,500
30,000
9,000
5,400
209,100

(6,000)
(67,500)
(22,500)
(18,000)
(18,900)
(8,100)
(9,600)
(2,700)
(9,000)
(1,800)
45,000


(c) Statement of financial position as at 30 June 2019

Furahi Sana Social club
Statement of Financial Position as at 30 June 2019
Non Current Assets
Club house 153,000+ 18,000
Sports Equipment's 48,000 - 15,000
Furniture and fittings 27,000 - 8,100 - 2,700
Investment
Current Assets
Inventory
Subscription in arrears
Cash 42,450 + 4,500
Equipment receivable
Bank 50,000 - 18000

Funded By
Accumulated fund
Surplus
Current liabilities
Canteen payable
Accrued Electricity
Subscription in Advance

Sh 000
171,000
33,000
16,200
36,000

11,250
12,600
46,950
9,000
32,000
368,000

293,600
45,000

5,400
3,300
20,700
368,000




QUESTION 5a

Q Highlight five factors that an organisation might consider when sourcing for accounting software. (5 marks)
A

Solution


  1. User friendly software - Has manuals and guides,easy to navigate across
  2. Competitive advantage -Does the software provide additional benefits to the organization in terms of cost savings
  3. Initial cost - Whether the business can afford the upfront cost of the resources needed to build, deploy, and maintain the software
  4. Flexibility- whether the software can accommodate other business events,compatible with different platforms and operating systems




QUESTION 5b

Q (b) Identify five features of a public sector entity. (5 marks)
A

Solution


Features of public sector entity

  1. State ownership - Ownership of the company must belong to the state
  2. State control - public entities are controlled by the government both management and functioning
  3. Their key aim is to provide service to the public , cover all areas, activities
  4. Autonomy - Public sector entities operate without interference in their management affairs and facilitate the reallocation of resources
  5. Public accountabllity - Information must be made available to the public for accountability purposes




QUESTION 5c

Q Sales ledger control account for the year ended 30 September 2019 ( 10 marks)
A

Solution


Sales ledger control a/c

Bal b/d
Credit sales





Sh 000
124,960
1,046,920




1,171,880

Receipt (972,574 - 16,422)
Credit transfer omitted
Bad debts
Discount allowed
Contra set
Balance c/d

Sh 000
956,152
2,772
8,960
25,438
40,544
138,014
1,171,880




QUESTION 5d

Q (d) Discuss three sources of income for non-profit-making organisations.(6 marks)
A

Solution


Sources of income for non-profit making organization

i. Members subscriptions- this is the main source of income which is contributed by members periodically.......

ii Entrance fees- this is amount charged to new members when joining the organizations.

iii. Donations- these are amounts or assets received from well-wishers.. Fees for goods and/or services.

iv. Individual donations and major gifts.

v. Bequests.

vi. Corporate contributions.

vii. Foundation grants.

viii. Government grants and contracts.

ix. Interest from investments.

x. Loans/program-related investments (PRIs)




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